Note 10. Equity Instruments

Common stock

Our authorized share capital consists of 500,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share. As of June 30, 2026, we had 32,149,118 shares of common stock outstanding. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders but are not entitled to cumulative voting rights, are entitled to receive ratably such dividends as may be declared by the Company’s Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor subject to preferences that may be applicable to any shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock currently outstanding or issued in the future, are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preference of any then outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock in the event of the Company’s liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, have no preemptive rights and no right to convert their common stock into any other securities, and have no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock.

April 2024 Securities Purchase Agreement

On April 10, 2024, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements (the “BEPO Purchase Agreements”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Purchasers”). The BEPO Purchase Agreements relate to the sale and issuance, on a reasonable best efforts basis (collectively, the “BEPO Offering”), by the Company of an aggregate of: (i) 65,307 shares of the Company’s common stock and (ii) warrants to purchase up to 65,307 shares of common stock (the “BEPO Warrants”). The offering price per share of common stock and the exercise price of the accompanying BEPO Warrants is $183.75.

On April 12, 2024, the Company completed the BEPO Offering, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $12 million. The Company used the net proceeds from the BEPO Offering primarily for funding working capital and capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes, including repayment of a portion of the Company’s Secured Notes.

In connection with the BEPO Offering, on April 10, 2024, the Company also entered into a placement agency agreement (the “BEPO Placement Agency Agreement”) with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (the “BEPO Placement Agent”). Pursuant to the terms of the BEPO Placement Agency Agreement, the BEPO Placement Agent agreed to arrange for the sale of the shares of common stock and the warrants. The Company paid the BEPO Placement Agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate purchase price paid by the Purchasers in connection with sales and reimbursed the BEPO Placement Agent for certain of its expenses in an aggregate amount of

$150,000. In addition, the Company issued Placement Agent warrants (the “BEPO Agent Warrants”) to purchase such number of shares of common stock equal to 5.0% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock sold in the BEPO Offering, or an aggregate of 3,266 shares of common stock. The BEPO Agent Warrants are exercisable immediately upon issuance and have substantially the same terms as the BEPO Warrants, except that the BEPO Agent Warrants have an exercise price of $202.125 per share (representing 110% of the offering price per share of common stock and accompanying warrant) and will expire five years from the commencement of the sales pursuant to the BEPO Offering.

February 2025 Securities Purchase Agreement

On February 24, 2025, the Company entered into Warrant Exchange Agreements (the "February Warrant Exchange Agreements") with each of: (i) Highbridge Tactical Credit Master Fund, L.P. (“HM”); (ii) Highbridge Tactical Credit Institutional Fund, Ltd. (collectively with HM, the “Highbridge Holders”); (iii) Anson Investments Master Fund LP (“AMF”); (iv) Anson East Master Fund LP (collectively with AMF, the “Anson Holders”); (v) High Trail Investments ON LLC (“HTI”), and (vi) HB SPV I Master LLC (together with HTI, the “High Trail Holders”), pursuant to which: (a) the Highbridge Holders and the Anson Holders agreed to exchange an aggregate of 60,150 registered warrants issued in April 2024 and an aggregate of 99,048 registered warrants issued in August 2024, and (b) the High Trail Holders agreed to exchange an aggregate of 151,808 unregistered warrants issued in April 2024 and July 2024, and an aggregate of 19,048 registered warrants issued in December 2023, for an aggregate of 990,159 shares (the “Acquired Shares”) of Company’s common stock, respectively, equating in each case to an exchange ratio of three Acquired Shares for each warrant.

August 2025 Offering

On August 19, 2025, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC, as representative of the several underwriters named therein (the “Representative”), relating to the public offering of 5,833,333 shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, at a purchase price per share of $3.00 (the “Offering Price”). Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company also granted the Representative a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 875,000 shares of common stock at the Offering Price, less any underwriting discounts and commissions, which was exercised in full.

The offering closed on August 20, 2025. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $17.8 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions, other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, and the exercise of the Representative option. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of this offering for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes.

December 2025 Private Investment in Public Equity - "2025 PIPE"

On December 22, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional accredited investors (the “Purchasers”), for the issuance and sale in a private placement of an aggregate of 3,636,363 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Shares”), at a purchase price of $8.25 per share. The foregoing transaction is referred to herein as the “Private Placement.”

On December 23, 2025, the parties consummated the Private Placement. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the Private Placement was approximately $30 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses of $2.0 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of this offering for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes.

April 2026 Registered Direct Offering

On April 27, 2026, the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as underwriter, relating to a firm commitment underwritten registered direct offering of 3,571,428 shares of the Company's common stock at a public offering price of $14.00 per share.

Gross proceeds were approximately $50.0 million before underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses of $3.4 million. Net proceeds were used for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes.

Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

On April 3, 2026, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which became effective on April 8, 2026 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”). Under the Shelf Registration Statement, the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $500 million of shares of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units consisting of some or all of those securities, in any combination, together or separately, in one or more offerings, in amounts, at prices and on the terms that the Company will determine at the time of the offering and which will be set forth in a prospectus supplement and, if permitted, any related free writing prospectus.

On April 3, 2026, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-8 with the SEC to register (i) 1,230,382 additional shares of common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, available for issuance under the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 EIP”), pursuant to the evergreen provisions of the 2021 EIP, and (ii) 246,076 additional shares of common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, under the Company’s 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2021 ESPP”), pursuant to the evergreen provisions of the 2021 ESPP.

On May 15, 2026, the Company entered into the Sales Agreement with Needham, Cantor and Craig-Hallum, as agents, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through the agents, shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price up to $100 million, pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement. Sales of shares, if any, under the Sales Agreement may be made in any transactions permitted by law that are deemed to be “at the market offerings” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. The Company reserved 5,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the Sales Agreement.

At the Company's 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, stockholders approved an amendment to the 2021 EIP to increase the aggregate number of shares authorized for issuance under the plan by 2,860,000 shares, to increase the aggregate number of shares of common stock issuable as incentive stock options from 244,377 to 10,000,000 shares, and to require stockholder approval in connection with a repricing of options or stock appreciation rights. The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-8 with the SEC on June 11, 2026, to register (i) the additional 2,860,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (“Shares”), available for issuance under the 2021 EIP and (ii) 1,430,000 Shares to allow for the recycling of Shares back into the 2021 EIP in connection with Share withholding or expirations, cancellations, forfeitures or similar events with respect to 2021 EIP awards.

The shares available for future grant under the 2021 EIP are net of any un-exercised stock options (vested and unvested) and unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding that may convert to common stock in the future upon exercise or vesting as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Common Stock Warrant Liabilities

In connection with the BEPO Offering, the Company issued BEPO Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 65,307 shares of common stock. The BEPO Warrants are immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $183.75 per share and will expire on the five year anniversary of the date of issuance. In connection with the BEPO Placement Agency Agreement, we also issued BEPO Agent Warrants to purchase up to 3,266 shares of common stock. The BEPO Agent Warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $202.125 per share and will expire on the five year anniversary of the date of issuance.

In connection with the Second Note Amendment, on April 1, 2024, the Company also entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) with the Investors pursuant to which the Company issued to the Investors warrants (the “2024 Private Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 41,808 shares of common stock. The 2024 Private Warrants became exercisable 45 days after the original issuance date (the “Initial Exercise Date”), are exercisable at an exercise price of $199.35 per share and will expire on the one year anniversary of the later of (i) the Initial Exercise Date and (ii) the date on which the Resale Registration Statement (as defined in the Letter Agreement) is declared effective by the SEC. The Investors may exercise the 2024 Private Warrants by paying the exercise price in cash or by reducing the outstanding principal amount under the Secured Notes by an amount equal to the quotient of (A) the amount

of the exercise price divided by (B) 1.20. The 2024 Private Warrants may also be exercised on a cashless basis under certain circumstances.

In connection with the Third Note Amendment, on July 1, 2024, the Company also entered into a letter agreement with the Investors pursuant to which the Company issued to the Investors warrants (the “July 2024 Private Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 110,000 shares of common stock. The July 2024 Private Warrants became exercisable 45 days after the original issuance date, are exercisable at an exercise price of $37.50 per share and will expire on the five year anniversary of the issuance date. The Investors may exercise the 2024 Private Warrants by paying the exercise price in cash or by reducing the outstanding principal amount under the Secured Notes by an amount equal to the quotient of (A) the amount of the exercise price divided by (B) 1.20. The July 2024 Private Warrants may also be exercised on a cashless basis under certain circumstances.

On August 12, 2024, the Company entered into a warrant inducement with certain warrant holders (the "Inducement Agreement"). Pursuant to the Inducement Agreement, the holders of the existing warrants agreed to reduce the exercise price of their existing warrants, totaling 49,524, from $296.70 per share to $34.20 per share. Additionally, the Company agreed to issue registered warrants with an exercise price of $34.20 per share to purchase 99,048 shares of common stock (the “August Inducement Warrants”), which will expire on the five year anniversary of the issuance date. The August Inducement Warrants may also be exercised on a cashless basis under certain circumstances.

Warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock of 36,892 were exercisable as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Private Placement Warrants, the Public Warrants, the 2022 Private Warrant, the 2023 Placement Agent Warrants, BEPO Warrants, and BEPO Agent Warrants to purchase shares of common stock are liability classified and recorded at fair value on the issue date with periodic remeasurement. Warrants for shares of common stock consisted of the following:

Warrant Liabilities – Fair Value

The liabilities associated with the Private Placement Warrants, Public Warrants, 2022 Private Warrants, 2023 Placement Agent Warrants, BEPO Warrants, and BEPO Agent Warrants were subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date using the Level 3 fair value inputs and the Public Warrants were subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date using Level 1 fair value inputs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, see Note 4, Fair Value Measurements, in this Quarterly Report for liability classified warrants recorded at fair value.

Each Private Placement Warrant is exercisable to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $6,037.50 per share. Subject to certain exceptions, the Private Placement Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants. The 2022 Private Warrant is exercisable to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $1,344.00 per share and allows cashless exercise in whole or part. The Public Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. The Public Warrants became exercisable on December 7, 2021. The RDO Warrants are exercisable to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $299.25 per warrant share. The Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $326.29 per warrant share. The RDO Warrants and 2023 Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable until December 29, 2028 and allow cashless exercise in whole or part.

Common Stock Warrant Liabilities - Fair Value Assumption

The fair value of the private placement common stock warrant liability was less than $0.1 million as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Expected volatility: The expected volatility was derived from the implied volatility of the Company’s publicly traded common stock.

Risk-free interest rate: The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities corresponding to the expected term of the common stock warrants.

Expected dividend yield: The expected dividend rate is zero as the Company currently has no history or expectation of declaring dividends on its common stock.

Expected term: The expected term represents the period that the warrant is expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method, which deems the term to be the average of the time to vesting and the contractual life of the warrant.

Contingent Earnout Liabilities

The contingent earnout liability is for Earnout Shares (as defined below) for pre-closing Legacy Velo3D equity holders (“Eligible Legacy Velo3D Equity holders”). During the time period between the Closing Date and the five-year anniversary of the Closing Date, Eligible Legacy Velo3D Equity holders may receive up to 41,444 shares of common stock (the “Earnout Shares”), which is based on two tranches of 20,722 shares per tranche. The Earnout Shares issuable to holders of employee stock options are subject to forfeiture based on the satisfaction of certain employment condition.

See Note 4, Fair Value Measurements, in this Quarterly Report for the liability for contingent earnout liabilities carried at fair value for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

Fair Value Assumptions – Contingent Earnout Liabilities

Expected volatility: The expected volatility was derived from the implied volatility of the Company’s publicly traded common stock.

Risk-free interest rate: The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities corresponding to the expected term of the Earnout Shares.

Expected dividend yield: The expected dividend rate is zero as the Company currently has no history or expectation of declaring dividends on its common stock.

Expected term: The expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method, which deems the term to be the average of the time to vesting and the contractual life of the Earnout Shares.